The Five Types of Attackers
Learn about the Five Types of Attackers: Interviewer, Intimidator, Ambusher, Criminal Predator, and Process Predator, and how understanding attacker motivation can improve your self-defence and personal safety.
Many years ago, I had the great pleasure of organising a weekend workshop in Auckland for one of the world's leading close-quarters combat instructors, W. Hock Hochheim. During that weekend, Hock shared a concept that has remained with me ever since, "The Five Types of Attackers"
It is a simple yet powerful framework that helps people understand that not all acts of violence are driven by the same motivation. By recognising the mindset behind an attack, you can make better decisions about avoidance, de-escalation, or, if necessary, self-defence.
1. The Interviewer
The interviewer tests you before committing to an attack. They may ask for the time, directions, a cigarette, or spare change while assessing your awareness, confidence, and vulnerability. Maintaining situational awareness, personal space, and healthy scepticism can often discourage this type of attacker.
2. The Intimidator
The intimidator relies on aggression, threats, and dominating body language to gain compliance. Their objective is often to control the situation through fear rather than immediate physical violence. Remaining calm, setting clear boundaries, and creating distance can reduce their advantage.
3. The Ambusher
An ambusher launches a sudden attack with little or no warning. Because surprise is their greatest weapon, this type of assault can be the most difficult to defend against. Developing situational awareness and recognising potential danger areas are essential skills for reducing your vulnerability.
4. The Criminal Predator
The criminal predator is motivated by financial gain or personal benefit. They are looking for money, valuables, or other resources and often select targets they perceive as distracted, isolated, or easy to overpower. Appearing alert, confident, and aware can make you a less attractive target.
5. The Process Predator
Unlike the criminal predator, the process predator is motivated by the act of violence itself. Their goal is domination, intimidation, or causing harm rather than material gain. These individuals can be unpredictable, making escape, attracting attention, and, if necessary, decisive self-defence the highest priorities.
Why We Still Teach This Today
Although that workshop took place many years ago, Hock's explanation of the Five Types of Attackers has remained a valuable part of our thinking. It reinforces that effective self-defence is about much more than physical techniques, it's about understanding human behaviour, recognising warning signs, and making sound decisions under pressure.
To this day, we continue to explain these concepts to participants in our workshops and regular classes. They provide a practical framework for recognising potential threats, improving situational awareness, and developing the mindset needed to stay safe. The lessons are as relevant today as they were when Hock first shared them with us in Auckland.